Indirect Occupation and Direct Harm: Operationalizing IHL Obligations in Proxy Wars

توضیح

یادداشت: عنوان فارسی: اشغال غیرمستقیم و آسیب مستقیم: عملیاتی کردن تعهدات حقوق بین الملل بشردوستانه در جنگ های نیابتی.
Indirect forms of warfare, where States project military power through armed non-State actors (ANSAs), are no longer peripheral to contemporary armed conflict. From eastern Ukraine to eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), proxy engagement has become a recurrent strategy through which States influence territorial control beyond their borders while seeking to limit political, legal, or military exposure. These situations compel renewed scrutiny of how international humanitarian law (IHL) operates when territorial control is exercised not directly by a State’s armed forces, but through an intermediary armed group operating on the ground